Synthetic nitrogen fertilizer is lauded as one of the biggest agricultural breakthroughs of the 20th century, sparking a boom in food production that supported a global population that grew from 1.6 billion to 6 billion.
A century later, the global population — and its food demands — continue to climb. Today’s agricultural researchers are turning to plant genomics to find solutions for growing crops more sustainably with fewer inputs, including nitrogen fertilizer.
A Husker research team and collaborators at the Alabama-based HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology envision a solution that would reduce nitrogen fertilizer use without sacrificing yield or profit: plants bred with the ability to use nitrogen more efficiently than today’s crops. In the Corn Belt, for example, crops are unable to use 40 percent of the fertilizer applied to them.
The researchers are advancing this work with a $3.9 million grant from the National Science Foundation. The University of Nebraska–Lincoln’s share of the award is about $1.3 million.
Although nitrogen fertilizer is an important tool for large-scale food production, it’s not without downsides: from the natural resources used to manufacture the fertilizer; to the cost to producers’ bottom lines; to the environmental impacts resulting from overuse, which include reduced water quality and aquatic dead zones that threaten marine life.
“Plants with better nitrogen efficiency would mitigate some of the problems of excessive fertilizer because we could reduce the amount of nitrogen required to get the same yield,” said James Schnable, assistant professor of agronomy and horticulture. “And it would help farmers be proactive in reducing their fertilizer use, whether to save money or to cope with environmental regulations that may come about.”
To produce this heightened efficiency, the team is combining genomics, biotechnology and automated phenotyping in a three-phase research plan focused on sorghum. The cereal crop is considered vital to solving food insecurity because it’s relatively water- and nitrogen-efficient and thrives in varied climates.
First, the HudsonAlpha group will comb through crop data to identify sorghum’s key gene networks involved in nitrogen use, identifying them as targets for change. Husker agronomist Tom Clemente will then use cutting-edge genome editing technology to add genetic variations that govern these networks, producing new varieties to pass on to Schnable and Nebraska researchers Yufeng Ge, assistant professor of biological systems engineering, and Jinliang Yang, assistant professor of agronomy and horticulture. That group will work together to use automated phenotyping to analyze the new sorghum breeds’ traits.
Then, the cycle begins again as Schnable will return findings to the HudsonAlpha team, which can further home in on the gene networks at play.
“The project is innovative because we’re closing the loop,” Schnable said. “It’s key to have this integration where you can make predictions, make edits and after you see what happens, go back and make new and better predictions.”
Schnable’s work, called high-throughput phenotyping, capitalizes on the university’s state-of-the-art LemnaTec High-Throughput Plant Phenotyping System, located at Nebraska Innovation Campus’ Greenhouse Innovation Center. The system revolutionizes the process of capturing a plant’s physical and biochemical properties, known as phenotyping, through a robotics-based process that moves conveyor belts of plants through several 360-degree imaging chambers.
These powerful cameras will produce high-resolution images of the modified sorghum plants across their 12- to 18-week life cycle. Software will then analyze their biomass and nitrogen abundance, providing clues about whether the genome edits succeeded in boosting nitrogen efficiency.
Phenotyping itself is not a new practice, Schnable said. It’s the ability to monitor the same plant periodically across its lifetime, without physically destroying it to take measurements, that makes the high-throughput approach so valuable. And Nebraska’s facility is particularly well-suited to study sorghum, which often grows 5 to 6.5 feet, tall — the university’s phenotyping system can measure plants up to 8 feet tall, making Lincoln one of the few places in the world capable of this kind of research.
Clemente is contributing expertise in a technology equally revolutionary through CRISPR/Cas9, a gene editing technique that enables scientists to add novel variation to the genetics of plant cells. For the past three years, his laboratory has been using this tool in plants like tomato, soybean, maize, wheat and sorghum, making genetic changes designed to impart beneficial traits that can be integrated into breeding programs.
For this project, Clemente’s team will introduce variations to genes that are key players in nitrogen use.
“These transdisciplinary-type research settings create a synergistic environment that significantly increases the likelihood of a strong return on investment from the funding,” said Clemente, the Eugene W. Price Distinguished Professor of biotechnology.
The project’s education component focuses on helping budding scientists, from high school to postdoc level, gain plant science skills. As part of this, undergraduates from underprivileged parts of Alabama, with little access to academic research, will spend a year at HudsonAlpha learning the basics of agricultural genomics. Nebraska will then host the group in three of its NSF-funded Research Experiences for Undergraduates summer programs, providing plant science training.
The project, a Track-2 Focused EPSCoR Collaboration, is funded through NSF’s EPSCoR Research Infrastructure Improvement Program. EPSCoR, the Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research, is designed to improve research infrastructure in jurisdictions with a relatively small share of NSF’s total research budget. Nebraska and Alabama are EPSCoR states.
